After conducting this experiment students will understand 1 measurement technique of refractive index of liquid 2 variation of. The refractive index is a unitless number, between 1. Refractive index for some common liquids, solids and gases. The method we used in the experiment to measure the refractive index of sugar solution and salt solution consists of intense monochromatic source of light, laser. This switch used to place the prism on the prism table or remove prism from the prism table.
Dec 02, 2016 to determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope. With the reflectivities ro and rr measured in these two media, the equations for n and k are as follows. When a laser beam impinges obliquely on a rectangular cell filled with liquid and passes through the cell, the propagation axis of the transmitted beam is displaced from that of the incident beam. Refractive index of different liquids using hollow prism physics kids projects, physics science fair project, pyhsical science, astrology, planets solar experiments for kids and also organics physics science ideas for cbse, icse, gcse, middleschool, elementary school for 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and high school students.
Refractive index lab worksheet example answers pdf. A student uses a glass block to determine the refractive index using the real and apparent depth method and obtained a value of 1. Reducing refractive index variations in compression molded. Light incident on an equilateral or right angle prism is refracted.
The experiment described in this project is an effective and simple method of measuring the refractive index of any liquid transparent using a convex lens and plane mirror. Bioprocessing tutorial concentration measurement with. For a given color, the refractive index of a medium depends on the density of the medium. The nonlinear refractive index, n 2 of crude oils was measured using the singlebeam zscan technique for excitation wavelen gth, 660 nm, in the cw regime. Measuring the refractive index of a liquid 1 turn on the light. However, in the light of the agreement of our results with those found in literature, we argue that the measured value of the refractive index of the used benzene is acceptable. The refractive index of the prism has to be higher than that of the medium under measurement, as otherwise there will be no total internal reflection. The transmitted light ray has small deviation of the path from the incident angle. If i is the angle of incidence of a ray in vacuum angle between the incoming ray and the perpendicular to the surface of a medium, called the normal and r is the angle of refraction angle between the ray in the medium and the normal, the refractive index n. If the distance of the pointer from the top of the lens is 23. Refractive index or the index of refraction is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum or air to the speed of light in a transparent material.
A simple method to determine the refractive index of glass. Determination of the refractive index of a glass block using. Experiment notes experiment is done in groups of 4. In this thought reach extreme values at the same composition. Refractive index a refractometer measures the extent to which light is bent i. For example, typical sodalime glass has a refractive index of 1. However, when the fda document was published, index of refraction ior as a method of concentration measurement was limited.
The refractive index also depends on the wavelength colour of the light ray. No, the refractive index of the glass will not change because it is the same material. Dispersive power for yellow and blue, where and are the refractive index of blue and yellow, and. By measuring the displacement, we can determine the refractive index of the liquid. The refractive index, the ratio of speed of light from one medium to another is a physical measurement used to help determine the identity and purity of a liquid compound. Students determine the refractive index of a liquid with a simple technique using a semicircular hollow block. The sign of the nonlinear refractive was found to be negative so the experiment confirmed that the nonlinear phenomenon was caused by selfdefocusing process. The accepted value for the refractive index of air, value, was determined to be 26949. Pdf the present experiment discusses, presumably the most basic method, for determination of refractive index of optically transparent.
The experiment could be turned into a class activity for measuring the refractive index of water. Compared to our value of 19170 2503, the accepted value is a little past the high end of the uncertainty on our number. Its numerical value depends on the nature of the wave and on the properties of two media. Unfortunately, the abbe refractometer suits best for the assessment of refractive index of transparent liquids 2. Refractive index of material of a prism experiment. Pdf determination of refractive index of optically transparent. An experimental method for determination of the refractive index of. In part c, we will measure the refractive index of a triangular prism, again attempting to reach the highest level of accuracy.
Experiment aim to determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope. Pdf refractive index sensing using the metal layer in dvdr. Solutions of the wave equation are plane waves e e 0 expi k r. Two common properties of glass and other transparent materials. Pdf the refractive index of a material is one of the most important optical parameters. Schematics of the spherical concave mirror experiment for measuring the. Dec 20, 2015 to find refractive index of a liquid by using i concave mirror, ii convex lens and plane mirror. Determination of the refractive index of a liquid using the. A simple method to measure the refractive index lee white and. Determination of the refractive index of a liquid using.
The last decade witnessed a giant leap in the design of new optical technology with the use of laser beam due to its high degree of coherence. You can calculate the refractive index of the liquid using the equation, you can verify your results by clicking on the show result button. Schematic of the experiment setup for refractive index measurement. Refractive index of different liquids using hollow prism. A simple method to measure the refractive index lee white. The refractive index n is then defined as the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum. Liquid refractive index measurement system based on. Plot these data on the same graph with your measured values. This adds up to a sweeter tasting, more minerally nutritious food. Activitylab worksheet example answers 1 determining the refractive index of water. Pdf refractive index sensing using the metal layer in. The abbe refractometer is a classic optical instrument used to measure the refractive index of liquids. To determineangleof minimum deviation for a givenprism by plotting a graph between angleof incidenceand angle of deviation. The experiment demonstrates several aspects of total in ternal reflection and the refraction of light.
The refractive index of air with a michelson interferometer. Refractive index measurement using total internal reflection. Determining the refractive index of a liquid chm 220. Pdf refractive index measurement and its applications. Refractive index lab worksheet example answers pdf teach.
Fringe pattern of the compression molded glass lens before annealing at one direction. Refraction, law, realapparent depth method, geometric optics. This could be due to a few associated errors in the experiment that were not numerically accounted for. After conducting this experiment students will understand 1 measurement technique of refractive index of liquid 2 variation of refractive index with concentration, 3 probable. The speed of light in an unknown medium is measured to be 2. Determination of the refractive index of a liquid using the apparent depth method pack contents. This property is very helpful in designing optical lenses as it allows to calculate the bend angle of beam of light when passes. A combination of holotomographic microscopy and computer vision allows the labelfree observation of novel shape and dry mass dynamics of mammalian organelles such as lipid droplets and the investigation of complex organellar motion using pattern matching and homography analysis. A simple method for measuring the refractive index of liquid is presented.
Two common properties of glass and other transparent. B 6, 43704379 1972 silver is often used as a coating material for broadband mirrors for visible and infrared spectral regions. If we keep the mirror behind a lens and put an object at the focus point of the lens above it, the image of the object will form at the same focus point where the object is. Using this slider, width of the slit can be adjusted. In this paper the main properties of a prism of initially unknown refractive index and material will be analysed. For the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Refractive index of a transparent liquid measured with a concave. Spectrometer,dispersive power of a prism procedure.
Teacher packs in experimental science phy pack 4 determination. The refractive index of a substance is ordinarily determined by measuring the change in direction of colliminated radiation as it passes from one medium to another. To measure the refractive index of a liquid diagram apparatus beaker of water plane mirror two pins retort stand metre stick procedure 1. A refractometer is a device that will measure the degree to. All faces are transparent and opposite faces are parallel.
Preparation of a vessel for an experiment into a readymade vessel pour water or other liquid which refractive index you want to measure. The refractive index of the liquid could be measured according to the voltage value. As light passes through the interface between two mediums of different refractive indices, it bends as shown in fig. An experimental method for determination of the refractive. The refractive index or index of refraction of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium. Jan 07, 2016 for the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Apparatus and material required a travelling microscope, a glass slab, lycopodium powderchalk dust and a paper. The length of the eyeball longer or shorter, changes in the shape of the cornea, or aging of the lens can all cause refractive errors.
This is described by snells law of refraction, n 1 sin. To determinerefractive index of a glassslab using a travellingmicroscope. Results in the digital portion of the lab, the toluene had a. Pdf determination of refractive index of a liquid using. The homemade light intensity detector uses an led and multimeter, which are relatively inexpensive. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a.
The last decade witnessed a giant leap in the design of new optical technology with the. This slider used to focus the slit while looking through telescope. Check that the cooling water is flowing and record the water temperature on the precision thermometer to 0. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
The equation showing the slope corresponds to the refractive index of the liquid. Use hollow prism to i study the variation of refractive index with concentration of sugar solution ii compare the refractive indices for different liquids like methanol, water, ethanol. If you place a drinking straw into a glass of water, the star will appear bent. Determining the refractive index of a liquid chm 220 refractive index is a measure of the how much a liquid bends light as it enters and leaves the solution. Diploma in basic education students also suitable for.
Refractive errors occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina. Refractive index variations of the molded glass lens pre and post annealing were both measured. We conclude experiment, the average speed of light across the unmixed by outlining an advanced method of analysis of refractive layers, denoted c unmixed, is then eq. It is worth another look at current and emerging technol ogies to satisfy the spirit of. Drop an object pin into the beaker of water so that it sinks to the bottom. A slab is a piece of transparent material with rectangular faces. A refractive index is an important optical parameter of liquids. Assuming that the prism you measured is a type of flint glass, use the following dispersion information for f5 glass to calculate the expected l refractive index values at the wavelengths you used. A semicircular, cylindrical, glass block,2 90 mm in diameter, is placed on a. The measuring prism acts as the refractive index reference.
Single beam zscan measurement of nonlinear refractive. Determination of the refractive index of water using a concave mirror method 1. Refractive index of material of a prism experiment edunovus. Determine the refractive index of a given transparent glass block. The aim of this experiment is to calculate the refractive index of the material of a glass prism. Then they predict the refractive index of a material a pyrex glass tube by matching it with the known refractive index of a liquid using the percent light transmission measurement. In liquid lens experiment a concave lens is placed on a plane mirror. Measuring the refractive index understanding standards. Follow the procedure to obtain values involved in the experiment. Study of concentration dependence of refractive index of.
Measuring the refractive index of a liquid using a laser. Single beam zscan measurement of nonlinear refractive index. The refractive index of a glass is a function of the wavelength of light, a property known as dispersion. Spectrometer, refractive index of the material of a prism. Refractive index of liquids by measuring displacement of. Lab report introduction to find the refractive index for the two liquid compounds, hexane and toluene, a digital and the abbe analog refractometer were used. Determination of the refractive index of a glass block. Osa measurement of the refractive index of liquid using.
The maximum refractive index variation was reduced about 4. Refractive index, also called index of refraction, measure of the bending of a ray of light when passing from one medium into another. If i is the angle of incidence of a ray in vacuum angle between the incoming ray and the perpendicular to the surface of a medium, called the normal and r is the angle of refraction angle between the ray in. Phy pack 4 refractive index law 2 produced by physics group, university of cape coast, as part of a delphe funded project title. Sample problems for the index of refraction important information your reading introduced you to the concept of index of refraction, n, defined by n cv, where c 2. Refraction is due to the change in speed of light while. Bionutrient food associationreal food campaign 411. Measuring the refractive index of a liquid using a laser iopscience. Assuming that the air has a refractive index of 1, the. The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent, or refracted, when entering a material. Hold a plane mirror so that its back is level with the water.
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